By Holly Yan, Yoko Wakatsuki and Paul Armstrong CNN
Updated 0619 GMT (1319 HKT) April 16,
2016
Tokyo (CNN):
At least nine people died when an earthquake shook
southwestern Japan's Kyushu island late Thursday, the Kumamoto Prefecture
disaster management office said. Search crews scrambled to dig through rubble
looking for people trapped under collapsed buildings. The magnitude-6.2 quake
struck near Ueki, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Dozens of smaller
aftershocks followed…
By EMILY WANG / Apr. 15, 2016 12:23 AM EDT
MASHIKI, Japan (AP) — At least nine
people have been killed and more than 800 injured by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake
that toppled houses and buckled roads in southern Japan. With daybreak, the
extent of the damage became apparent: collapsed buildings, streets warped by
manholes pushed higher by the earth's movement, an expressway crunched and
buckled. The damage was severe in the hardest-hit town of Mashiki, about 15
kilometers (9 miles) from Kumamoto city. Entire buildings fallen to the ground,
roofs that slid off, and windows and walls that crumbled, scattering glass and
debris. Huge boulder-like rocks tumbled from the walls of historic Kumamoto
castle, which was closed to the public Friday…
MASHIKI, KUMAMOTO PREF. – A magnitude-7.3 earthquake struck Kumamoto
Prefecture early Saturday, killing at least 19 more people and bringing the
total number of deaths since Thursday evening to 28. Scores have been injured
and many buildings have been damaged or totally destroyed…
By Julia Glum /
04.16.2016 At 9:26 am
At least nine people were dead and more than 1,000 injured Friday as Japan began to recover from a devastating earthquake that hit the island of Kyushu the day before. Several towns were still without water and power after the Thursday temblor, which the United States Geological Survey measured at magnitude-6.2 but the Japanese Meteorological Agency put at 6.5. Rescue efforts were further complicated by the more than 120 aftershocks had rocked the area as of Friday morning, the Japan Times reported…
At least nine people were dead and more than 1,000 injured Friday as Japan began to recover from a devastating earthquake that hit the island of Kyushu the day before. Several towns were still without water and power after the Thursday temblor, which the United States Geological Survey measured at magnitude-6.2 but the Japanese Meteorological Agency put at 6.5. Rescue efforts were further complicated by the more than 120 aftershocks had rocked the area as of Friday morning, the Japan Times reported…
By David Sim / April 15, 2016
09:45 BST
Aftershocks continue to rattle
south-western Japan after a strong earthquake killed at least nine people and injured more than 1,000. The area
around the city of Kumamoto was hardest hit by the initial 6.4 magnitude quake.
The quake struck at 9.26pm on Thursday 14 April at a depth of 11km (7miles)
near Kumamoto city on the island of Kyushu, the southern-most of Japan's four
main islands…
 |
The
earthquake-damaged Kyushu Expressway in Mashiki,
Kumamoto prefecture (Kyodo/Reuters)
|
(1) a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic
action.
Synonym s: earth tremor, tremor, shock, foreshock, aftershock, convulsion, seismic
activity; Informal quake.
"assessing the damage from the earthquake" (or) a great upheaval. “a political earthquake”
(2) An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the
sudden breaking and movement of large sections (tectonic plates) of the earth's
rocky outermost crust. The edges of the tectonic plates are marked by faults
(or fractures). Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines when the plates
slide past each other or collide against each other.
Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the
sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of the earth’s rocky shell. Earthquakes are among
the most powerful events on earth and their results can be terrifying. A severe
earthquake may release energy 10,000 times as great as that of the atomic bomb.
Rock movements during an earthquake can make rivers change their course. Earthquake can
trigger landslides that cause great damage and loss of life. Large earthquakes beneath the ocean can CREATE A SERIES OF
HUGE, DESTRUCTIVE WAVES CALLED TSUNAMIS THAT FLOOD COASTS.
Earthquakes almost
never kill people directly, instead, many deaths and injuries in earthquakes
result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings, bridges and other
structures. Fire resulting from broken gas or power lines is another major
danger during a quake. Spills of hazardous chemicals are also a concern during
an earthquake. In most earthquake zones, land-use planners and engineers design
now housing and other building projects, such as bridges and dams, to reduce
property damage, injuries and loss of life during quakes.
The force of an earthquake depends on
HOW MUCH ROCK BREAKS AND HOW FAR IT SHIFTS. Powerful earthquakes can shake firm
ground violently for great distances. During minor earthquakes, the vibration
may be no greater than the vibration caused by a passing truck.
On average, a powerful earthquake
occurs less than once every two years. At least 40 moderate earthquakes cause
damage somewhere in the world each year. About 40,000 to 50,000 small
earthquakes – large enough to be felt but not damaging – occur annually.
How earthquakes occur along a fault –
a fracture in the earth’s rocky outer shell where sections of rock repeatedly
slide past each other. Faults occur in weak areas of the earth’s rock. Most
faults lie beneath the surface of the earth, but some, like the San Andreas
Fault in California, U.S.A. are visible on the surface. Stresses in the earth
cause large blocks of rock along a fault to strain, or bend. When the bending
becomes too much, the rock breaks and snaps a new position, causing the shaking
of an earthquake.
Earthquakes usually begin deep in the
ground. The point in the earth where the rocks first break is called the focus,
also known as the hypocenter of the quake. The focus of most earthquakes lies
than 70 kilometres beneath the surface, through the deepest known focuses have
been nearly 700 kilometres below the surface. The point on the surface of the
earth directly above the focus is known as the epicenter of the quake. The
strongest shaking is usually felt near the epicenter.
From the focus, the break travels
like a spreading crack along the fault. The speed at which the fracture spreads
depends on the type of rock. It may average about 3 kilometres per second
in granite or other strong rock. At that rate, a fracture may spread more than
560 kilometres in one direction in less than three minutes. As the fracture
extends along the fault, blocks of the rock on one side of the fault may drop
down below the rock on the other side, move up and over the other side or slide
forward past the other.
When an earthquake occurs, the
violent breaking of the rock releases energy that travels through the earth in
the form of vibration called seismic waves. Seismic waves move out from the
focus of an earthquakes in all directions. As the waves travel away from the
focus, they grow gradually weaker. For this reason, the ground generally shakes
less further away from the focus.
There are two chief kinds of seismic
waves: (1) body waves and (2) surface waves. Body waves, the fastest seismic
waves, move through the earth. Slower surface waves travel along the surface of
the earth.
Body waves tend to cause the most earthquake damage.
There are two kinds of body waves: (1) compressional waves and (2) shear wave.
AS the waves pass through the earth, they cause particles of rock to move in
different ways. Compressional waves push and pull the rock. They cause
buildings and other structures to contact and expand. Shear waves make rocks
bend or slide from side to side, and buildings shake. Compressional waves can
travel through solids, liquids, or gases but shear waves can pass only through
solids.
Compressional waves are the fastest
seismic waves and they arrive first at a distant point. For this reason,
compressioonal waves are also called primary (P) waves. Shear waves, which
travel slower and arrive later, are called secondary (S) waves.
Body waves travel faster deep
within the earth than near the surface. For example, at depths of less than 25
kilometres, compressional waves travel at about 6.8 kilometres per second. At a
depth of 1,000 kilometres, the waves travel more than 1 ½ times that speed.
Surface waves are long, slow waves.
They produce what people feel as slow rocking sensations and cause little or no
damage to buildings.
There are two kinds of surface waves:
(1) Love waves and (2) Rayleigh waves. Love waves travel through the earth’s surface
horizontally and move the ground from side to side. Rayleigh waves make the
surface of the earth roll like waves on the ocean. Typical Love waves travel at
about 4.4 kilometres per second and Rayleigh waves, the slowest of the seismic
waves, move at about 3.7 kilometres per second. The two of waves were named
after two British physicists, Augustus E.H. Love and Lord Rayleigh, who
mathematically predicted the existence of the waves in 1911 and 1885,
respectively.
Damage by earthquakes
How earthquakes cause damage.
Earthquakes can damage buildings, bridges, dams, and other structures, as well
as many natural features. Near a fault, both the shifting and the shaking of
the ground due to seismic waves cause destruction. Away from the fault, shaking
produces most of the damage. Undersea earthquakes may cause huge tsunamis that
swamp coastal areas. Other hazards during earthquakes include rockfalls, ground
settling and falling trees or tree branches.
Fault slippage. The rock on either
side of a fault may shift only slightly during an earthquake or may move
several metres. In some cases, only the rock deep in the ground shift and no
movement occurs at the earth’s surface. In an extremely large earthquake, the
ground may suddenly heave six metres or more. Any structure that spans a fault
may be wrenched apart. The shifting blocks of earth may also loosen the soil
and rocks along a slope and trigger a landslide. In addition, fault slippage
may break down the banks of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of waste, causing
flooding.
Ground shaking causes structures to sway from side to side,
bounce up and down and move in other violent ways. Buildings may slide off
their foundations, collapse, or be shaken apart.
In areas with soft, wet soils, a
process called liquefaction may intensify earthquake damage. Liquefaction
occurs when strong ground shaking causes wet soils to behave temporarily like
liquids rather than solids. Anything on top of liquefied soil may sink into the
soft ground. The liquefied soil may also flow toward lower ground, burying
anything in its path.
Tsunami. An earthquake on the ocean floor can give a
tremendous push to surrounding seawater and create one or more large,
destructive waves called tsunamis, also known as seismic sea waves. Some people
call tsunamis tidal waves, but scientists think the term is misleading
because the waves are not caused by the tide. Tsunamis may build to heights of
more than 30 metres when they reach shallow water near shore. In the open
ocean, tsunamis typically move at speeds of 800 to 970 kilometres per hour.
They can travel great distances while diminishing little in size and can flood
coastal areas thousands of kilometres from their source.
Structural hazards. Structures
collapse during a quake when they are too weak or rigid to resist strong,
rocking forces. In addition, tall building may vibrate wildly during an
earthquake and knock into each other.
A major cause of death and property
damage in earthquakes is fire. Fires may start if a quake ruptures gas or power
lines. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake ranks as one of the worst disasters in
United States history because of a fire that raged for three days after the
quake. See the history of San Francisco.
Other hazards during an earthquake
include spills of toxic chemicals and falling objects, such as tree limbs,
bricks and glass. Sewage lines may break and sewage may seep into water
supplies. Drinking of such impure water may cause cholera, typhoid, dysentery
and other serious diseases.
Loss of power, communication and
transportation after an earthquake may hamper rescue teams and ambulances,
increasing deaths and injuries. In addition, businesses and government offices
may lose records and supplies, slowing recovery from the disaster.
Reducing earthquake damage. In areas where earthquakes are likely,
knowing where to build and how to build can help reduce injury, loss of life,
and property damage during a quake. Knowing what to do when a quake strikes can
also help prevent injuries and deaths.
Where to build. Earth scientists try to identify areas that would
likely suffer great damage during an earthquake. They develop maps that show
fault zones, flood plains (areas that get flooded), areas subject to landslides
or to soil liquefaction and the sites of past earthquakes. From these maps,
land-use planners develop zoning restrictions that can help prevent
construction of unsafe structures in earthquake-prone areas.
How to build. Engineers have developed a number of ways to
build earthquake-resistant structures. Their techniques range from extremely
simple to fairly complex. For small to medium-sized buildings, the simpler
reinforcement techniques include bolting buildings to their foundations and
providing support walls called shear walls. Shear walls, made of reinforced
concrete (concrete with steel rods or bars embedded in it), help strengthen the
structure and help resist rocking forces. Shear walls in the centre of a
building, often around a lift shaft or stairwell, form what is called a shear
core. Walls may also be reinforced with diagonal steel beams in a technique
called cross-bracing.
Builders also protect medium-sized
buildings with devices that act like shock adsorbers between the building and
its foundation. These devices, called base isolators, are usually bearings made
of alternate layers of steel and an elastic material, such as synthetic rubber.
Base isolators absorb some of the sideways motion that would otherwise damage a
building.
Skyscrapers need special
construction to make them earthquake-resistant. They must be anchored deeply
and securely into the ground. They need a reinforced framework with stronger
joints than an ordinary skyscraper has. Such a framework makes the skyscraper strong
enough and yet flexible enough to withstand an earthquake.
Earthquake-resistant homes, schools
and workplaces have heavy appliances, furniture and other structures fastened
down to prevent them from toppling when the building shakes. Gas and water lines
must be specially reinforced with flexible joints to prevent breaking.
Safety precaution s are vital during
an earthquake. People can protect themselves by standing under a doorframe or
crouching under a table or chair until the shaking has stopped completely. Even
then, people should use extreme caution. A large earthquake may be followed by
many smaller quakes, called aftershocks . People should stay clear of walls,
windows and damaged structures which could crash in an aftershocks.
People who are outdoors when an
earthquake hits should quickly move away from tall trees, steep slopes,
buildings and power lines. If they are near a large body of water, they should
move to higher ground.
Where and why earthquake occur?
Scientists have developed a theory,
called plate tectonics, that explains why most earthquakes occur. According to
this theory, the earth’s outer shell consists of about 10 large, rigid plates
and about 20 smaller ones. Each plate consists of a section of the earth’s
crush and a portion of the mantle, the thick layer of hot rock below the crust.
Scientists call this layer of crush and upper mantle the lithosphere. The
plates move slowly and continuously on the asthenosphere, a layer of hot, soft
rock in the mantle.. as the plates move, they collide, move apart or slide past
one another.
The movement of the plates strains
the rock at and near plate boundaries and produces zones of faults around, the
rock becomes locked in place and cannot slide as the plates move. Stress builds
up in the rock on both sides of the fault and causes the rock to break and
shift in an earthquake.
There are three types of
faults: (1) normal faults, (2) reverse faults, and (3) strike-slip faults. In
normal and reverse faults, the fracture in the rock slopes downward, and the
rock moves up down along the fracture. In a normal fault, the block of rock on
the upper side of the sloping fracture slides down. In a reverse fault, the
rock on both sides of the fault is greatly compressed. The compression forces
the upper block to slide upward and the lower block to thrust downward. In a
strike-slip fault, the fracture extends straight down into the rock and the
blocks of rock along the fault slide past each other horizontally.
Most earthquake occur in the fault
zones at plate boundaries. Such earthquakes occur in the fault zones at plate
boundaries. Such earthquakes are known as interpolate earthquakes. Some
earthquakes take place within the interior of a plate and are called intraplate
earthquake.
Interpolate earthquakes occur along
the three types of plate boundaries: (1) ocean spreading ridges, (2) subduction
zones, and (3) transform faults.
Ocean spreading ridges are places in
the deep ocean basins where the plates move apart. As the plates separate, hot
lava from the earth’s mantle rises between them. The lava gradually cools,
contracts and cracks, creating faults. Most of these faults are normal faults.
Along the faults, blocks of rock break and slide down away from the ridge,
producing earthquakes.
Near the spreading ridges, the plates
are thin and weak. The rock has not cooled completely, so it is still somewhat
flexible. For these reasons, large strains cannot build and most earthquakes
near spreading ridges are shallow and mild or moderate in severity.
Subduction zones are places where two
plates collide and the edge of one plate pushes beneath the edge of the other
in a process called subduction. Because of the compression in these zones, many
of the faults there are reverse fault. About 80 percent of major earthquakes
occur in subduction zones encircling the Pacific Ocean. In these areas, the
plates under the Pacific Ocean are plunging beneath the plates
carrying the continents.
The grinding of the colder, brittle
ocean plates beneath the continental plates creates huge strains that are
released in the world’s largest earthquakes.
The world’s deepest earthquakes occur
in subduction zones down to a depth of about 700 kilometres. Below zones depth,
the rock is too warm and soft to break suddenly and cause earthquakes.
Transform faults are places where
plates slide past each other horizontally. Strike-slip faults occur there. Earthquakes
along transform faults may be large, but not large to deep as those in
subduction zones.
One of the most famous transform
faults is the San Andreas Fault. The slippage there is caused by the Pacific
Plate moving past the North American Plate. The San Andreas Fault and its
associated faults account for most of California’s earthquakes. See San Andreas
Fault.
Interplate earthquakes are not as
frequent or as large as those along plate boundaries. The largest intraplate
earthquakes are about 100 times smaller than the largest interpolate
earthquakes.
Intraplate earthquakes tend to occur
in soft, weak areas of plate interiors. Scientists believe intraplate quakes
may be caused by strains put on plate interiors by changes of temperature or
pressure in the rock. Or the source of the strain may be a long distance away,
at a plate boundary. These strains may produce quakes along normal, reverse or
strike-slip faults.
Recording, measuring and locating
earthquakes. To determine the strength and location of earthquakes, scientists
use a recording instrument known as a seismograph. A seismograph is equipped
with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by
seismic waves from both near and distant earthquakes. Some seismometers are capable
of detecting ground motion as small as 1 hundred-millionth of a centimeter. See
seismograph.
Scientists called seismologists
measure seismic ground movements in three directions: (1) up-down, (2)
north-south, and (3) east-west. The scientists use a separate sensor to record
each direction of movement.
A seismograph produces wavy lines
that reflect the size of seismic waves passing beneath it. The record of the
wave, called a seismogram, is imprinted on paper, film or recording tape or is
stored and displayed by computers.
Probably the best-known gauge of
earthquake intensity is the local Richer magnitude scale, developed in 1935 by
United States seismologist Charles R. Richter. This scala, commonly known as
the Richter scale, measures the ground motion caused byan earthquakes. Every
increase of one number in magnitude means the energy release of the quake
is 32 times greater. For example, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 releases 32
times as much energy as an earthquake measuring 6.0. An earthquake with a
magnitude of less than 2.0 is so slight that usually only a seismometer can
detect it. A quake greater than 7.0 may destroy many buildings. There are about
10 times as many earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 as there are with magnitude
7.0. See Richter magnitude.
Although large earthquakes are
customarily reported on the Richter scale, scientists prefer to describe
earthquakes greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale. The moment
magnitude scale measures the total energy released in an earthquake, and it
describes large earthquakes more accurately than does the Richter scale.
The largest earthquake ever recorded
on the moment magnitude scale measured 9.5. It was an interpolate earthquake
that occurred along the Pacific coast of Chile in South America in 1960. The
largest intraplate earthquakes known struck in central Asia and in the Indian
Ocean in 1905, 1920 and 1957. These earthquakes had moment magnitudes between
about 8.0 and 8.3.
Scientists locate earthquakes by
measuring the time it takes body waves to arrives at seismographs in a minimum
of three locations. From these wave arrival times, seismologists can calculate
the distance of an earthquake from each seismograph. Once they know an
earthquake’s distance from three locations, they can find the quake’s focus at
the centre of those three locations.
Predicting earthquakes. Scientists
can make fairly accurate long-term predictions of where earthquakes will occur.
They know, for example, that about 80 percent of the world’s major
earthquakes happen along a belt encircling the Pacific Ocean. This belt is
sometimes called the Ring of Fire because it has many volcanoes, earthquakes,
and other geologic activity. Scientists are working to make accurate forecasts
on when earthquakes will strike.
Related articles: Continental drift,
Earth, Japan (Land), Mediterranean Sea, Plate tectonics, Richter
magnitude, San Andreas Fault, Seismograph, Seismology and Tidal wave.
Outline:
How an earthquake begins.
How an earthquake spreads: Body waves, and Surface waves.
Damage by earthquakes: How earthquakes cause damage, and Reducing earthquakes damage.
Where and why earthquakes: Interplate earthquake, and Intraplate earthquake.
Studying earthquakes: Recording, measuring and locating earthquakes, and Predicting earthquakes.
How an earthquake begins.
How an earthquake spreads: Body waves, and Surface waves.
Damage by earthquakes: How earthquakes cause damage, and Reducing earthquakes damage.
Where and why earthquakes: Interplate earthquake, and Intraplate earthquake.
Studying earthquakes: Recording, measuring and locating earthquakes, and Predicting earthquakes.
Questions
Why do buildings collapse during an earthquake?
Where do the world’s largest and deepest earthquakes occurs?
What is a seismograph?
What should people do to be safe during an earthquake?
What type of seismic waves tend to cause the most damage?
Most earthquakes occur near and along the boundaries of the rocky plates that cover the earth’s surface.
How an earthquake happen
Why do buildings collapse during an earthquake?
Where do the world’s largest and deepest earthquakes occurs?
What is a seismograph?
What should people do to be safe during an earthquake?
What type of seismic waves tend to cause the most damage?
Most earthquakes occur near and along the boundaries of the rocky plates that cover the earth’s surface.
How an earthquake happen
First
of all, what is an earthquake and how does it occur?
An
earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and
shifting of rocks beneath the Earth’s surface. For hundreds of millions of
years, the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the Earth. The
huge plates that form the Earth’s surface move slowly over, under and past each
other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times, the plates are
locked together, and are unable to release the accumulating energy. When
the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free causing the
ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates
meet.
Ground
shaking from earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt
gas. electricity and phone services; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches,
flash floods, fires or huge, destructive ocean waves (tsunamis).
Buildings with foundations resting on unconsolidared landfill and other
unstable soil, and trailers and homes not tied to their foundations area at
risk because they can be shaken off their mountings during an earthquake. When
an earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause deaths, injuries and
extensive property damage.
Earthquakes
can strike suddenly, without warning. They can occur at any time of the year
and at any time of the day or night. On a yearly basis, 70 to 75 damaging
earthquakes occur throughout the world. Estimates of losses from a
future earthquake in the United States approach $200 billion.
During
an earthquake, the greatest danger exists directly outside buildings, at exits,
and alongside exterior walls. Many of the 120 fatalities
from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred when people
ran outside of buildings only to be killed by falling debris from
collapsing walls.
During
an earthquake always remember to drop, cover and hold on! Move only a few
steps to nearby safe place. It is very dangerous to try to leave a
building during an earthquake because obi eats can fall on you and injure or
even kill you.
If
you are in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow. You
are less likely to be injured staying where you are. Broken glass on the floor
has caused injury to those who have rolled to the floor or tried to get to
doorways. If you are outdoors, find a clear spot away from buildings trees,
streetlights and power lines. Drop to the ground and stay there until the
shaking stops. Injuries can occur from falling trees, streetlights, power lines
or building debris.
If
you are in a vehicle, pull over to a clear location, stop and stay there with
your seatbelt faster ea until the shaking has stopped. Trees, power lines,
poles, street signs and other overhead items mav fall during earthquakes.
Stopping will help reduce your risk, and a hard-topped vehicle will help
protect you from flying or falling objects. Once the shaking has stopped,
proceed with caution.
In
conclusion, ground movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of
death or injury. Most earthquake-related injuries result from collapsing walls,
flying glass and falling objects Thus, much of the damage in earthquakes is
predictable and preventable. These few simple tips mentioned can help save your
life during an earthquake.Latest/Updated News
Indonesia/June 2, 2016
A 6.5 magnitude earthquake
off the coast off the Indonesian island of Sumatra early Thursday sent tremors
as far as the neighboring country of Singapore. The U.S. Geological Survey, which reported the
earthquake at 6:56 p.m. ET, calculated that the quake occurred 56.5 miles west
of Sungaipenuh on Sumatra, and 329.9 miles southwest of Singapore…
Ecuador
/ April 18, 2016
Rescue crews
searched desperately through rubble for survivors of a magnitude-7.8 earthquake that struck coastal Ecuador. The death toll has soared to 272,
Ecuador's President Rafael Correa said Sunday evening. That number is expected
to rise as rescue teams dig through the rubble, he said. Earlier that day, Vice
President Jorge Glas had estimated that at least 2,527 people were injured…
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